Measurement

Measurement

Quantum Certainty and Uncertainty

Quantum Mechanics predicts probabilities. For backward compatibility, a successor theory must also be probabilistic. However, Bell Correlations (when two apparatuses are set up identically but randomly) and GHZ Correlations are deterministic. Measurements on the entangled state produce the same correlation in every instance, even when the apparatuses are arbitrarily far apart from each other. Therefore, for backward compatibility, a successor theory must also be somehow deterministic. Backward compatibility requires a new theory to reproduce: Single Qubit State observable probabilities Two-qubit Bell State observable joint probabilities: Both statistical and perfect correlations Three-qubit GHZ State observable joint probabilities: Perfect correlations Marginal probabilities…

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Negative Probabilities and Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Negative Probabilities are responsible for single-particle interference and entangled qubit correlations. Feynman offered possible interpretations of how they may arise in the Quantum Mechanics of correlated qubits and how they may be helpful in general. He concluded that there is nothing wrong with Negative Probabilities and advised, "Why Bother" about not using positive probabilities. Feynman suggested that Negative Probabilities in the case of the Wigner distribution for position and momentum are not observable because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. He gave an analogous example for qubits. Feynman did not question the validity of Quantum Mechanics. However, he failed to show…

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Did Bell or Bohr prove Einstein wrong?

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Einstein did not consider Quantum Mechanics, QM, complete or consistent. In 1949, he stated that "I am, in fact firmly convinced that the essentially statistical character of contemporary quantum theory is solely to be ascribed to the fact that this [theory] operates with an incomplete description of physical systems " [EINSTEIN 1949] In this statement, Einstein emphasized the indeterminism, statistical character, as the objectionable nature of QM. But, it is not the indeterminism that bothered Einstein. Howard [HOWARD 1985a] articulated Einstein's position as two principles. Separability Principle "asserts that any two spatially separated systems posses their own real states" Locality…

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What is wrong with Quantum Mechanics?

Quantum Mechanics does not explain the three most mysterious phenomena. 1) Single Particle Interference. (2) Correlations between particles that are separated by arbitrarily large distances. (3) Presence or tunneling of particles in classically forbidden regions. Quantum Mechanics is inconsistent Quantum Mechanics assumes a collapse of the wavefunction upon a measurement. However, the wavefunction's unitary evolution is inconsistent with the nonlinear collapse. Wavefunction can spread over arbitrarily large distances. However, experiments detect only localized whole particles. An extended wavefunction cannot collapse to a microscopically localized particle instantly. Linear superposition encodes multiple particle states in a single wavefunction. However, experiments detect only…

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