Copenhagen Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics predicts probabilities. For backward compatibility, a successor theory must also be probabilistic. However, Bell Correlations (when two apparatuses are set up identically but randomly) and GHZ Correlations are deterministic. Measurements on the entangled state produce the same correlation in every instance, even when the apparatuses are arbitrarily far apart from each other. Therefore, for backward compatibility, a successor theory must also be somehow deterministic. Backward compatibility requires a new theory to reproduce: Single Qubit State observable probabilities Two-qubit Bell State observable joint probabilities: Both statistical and perfect correlations Three-qubit GHZ State observable joint probabilities: Perfect correlations Marginal probabilities…
Negative Probabilities are responsible for single-particle interference and entangled qubit correlations. Feynman offered possible interpretations of how they may arise in the Quantum Mechanics of correlated qubits and how they may be helpful in general. He concluded that there is nothing wrong with Negative Probabilities and advised, "Why Bother" about not using positive probabilities. Feynman suggested that Negative Probabilities in the case of the Wigner distribution for position and momentum are not observable because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. He gave an analogous example for qubits. Feynman did not question the validity of Quantum Mechanics. However, he failed to show…
Corpuscular Quantum Mechanics explains all iconic and mysterious experiments, including the Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect, Teleportation, Superdense Coding, GHZ Contradiction, and Bell Correlations. They are the foundation of Quantum Computers. The Corpuscular Theory explains all phenomena without the absurdities and postulates of Quantum Mechanics, and without ad hoc methods such as Hilbert Space, Observables, Computational Basis, Density Matrix, and Second Quantization. Corpuscular Quantum Mechanics does not need the Postulates and limitations of QM. I will soon demonstrate a new, error-resistant, and exponentially more powerful Quantum Computer Architecture.
Quantum Mechanics promises an exponential speed-up of computing. Shor Algorithm famously demonstrates the promise of quantum weirdness. Ironically, the Shor Algorithm also displays the fundamental inconsistencies of Quantum Mechanics. The magical 'Phase Kickback' transfers the unobservable complex eigenvalue of a Modular Exponentiation (ME) operator to qubits of a control registry. An Inverse Fourier Transform and a following measurement collapse the wavefunction of the ME work register, and the control register produces the phase of the non-observable complex ME eigenvalue. The exponential speed-up of phase estimation is implied by the number of computational basis states. For n-qubits, the number of computational…
Corpuscular Quantum Mechanics (CQM) is a physical theory of sub-quantum phenomena. It defines the wavefunction and Schrödinger Equation as corpuscular motion's statistical limit. In CQM, superposition and entanglement emerge as consequences of non-equilibrium dynamics of corpuscular interactions among themselves or with an external measurement apparatus. There are no waves to collapse during and after a measurement. In CQM, Corpuscles can move in classically forbidden regions without negative energies. Tunneling becomes a simple instance of corpuscular motion. CQM is a local theory of interacting corpuscles. Its existence refutes the claims of non-locality. It shows that Bell's Theorem, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Contradiction, and the…
Einstein did not consider Quantum Mechanics, QM, complete or consistent. In 1949, he stated that "I am, in fact firmly convinced that the essentially statistical character of contemporary quantum theory is solely to be ascribed to the fact that this [theory] operates with an incomplete description of physical systems " [EINSTEIN 1949] In this statement, Einstein emphasized the indeterminism, statistical character, as the objectionable nature of QM. But, it is not the indeterminism that bothered Einstein. Howard [HOWARD 1985a] articulated Einstein's position as two principles. Separability Principle "asserts that any two spatially separated systems posses their own real states" Locality…
Quantum Mechanics does not explain the three most mysterious phenomena. 1) Single Particle Interference. (2) Correlations between particles that are separated by arbitrarily large distances. (3) Presence or tunneling of particles in classically forbidden regions. Quantum Mechanics is inconsistent Quantum Mechanics assumes a collapse of the wavefunction upon a measurement. However, the wavefunction's unitary evolution is inconsistent with the nonlinear collapse. Wavefunction can spread over arbitrarily large distances. However, experiments detect only localized whole particles. An extended wavefunction cannot collapse to a microscopically localized particle instantly. Linear superposition encodes multiple particle states in a single wavefunction. However, experiments detect only…